“Tianhuang" is the name of a kind of stone regarded as the most valuable of all stone sculpture materials in China. The Tianhuang Stone has been recognized as the emperor of stone, and its resource has been used up after thousands of years of mining. Since a lot of Tianhuang imitations appear on the market, identifying Tianhuang is becoming more and more important and difficult. Identifying Tianhuang in the past relied mainly on naked eyes through observing shape, cortex, “red pattern", “radish striae" （fine lines constitute the pattern of radish）and texture. With the employment of modern scientific instruments such as FTIR, polarized microscope, X-ray diffraction meter and scanning electronic microscope, there has appeared new understanding on identifying Tianhuang. Tianhuang consists chiefly of dickite and nacrite, and its cortex and core have the same mineral components, as shown by analytical results of infrared spectrometer and X-ray diffraction meter. Therefore, the combination of both traditional observation and modern instrument analysis seems to be an effective means for accurate identification of Tianhuang.