The coal measure resources in Antarctica possess great potential yet have received limited research. The discovered coal measures are predominantly Permian strata, with a few being Mesozoic-Cenozoic strata. The coal measures are essentially distributed in the Transantarctic Mountains and Prince Charles Mountains, with some parts found in West Antarctica. The coal-abundant strata in the Transantarctic Mountains are mainly Permian-Triassic Victoria Group of the Bacon Supergroup, and the coal-abundant strata in the Prince Charles Mountains are mainly Permian Bainmedart Coal Measures of the Amery Group. The coal in Antarctica exhibits the characteristics of a high thermal order and is mostly thermal metamorphic coal. The coal in the Transantarctic Mountains is mostly anthracite, super anthracite, or natural coke, which has the characteristics of high alteration. The coal in the Prince Charles Mountains region has the characteristics of high volatility and low sulfur. The vitrinite reflectance, which represents the maturity of coal measures, gradually decreases to a relatively stable trend as the formation age from old to new in the Bainmedart Coal Measures. The development of major coal measures in Antarctica reveals that during the Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic, the Antarctic was warm and humid with lush vegetation, and the sedimentary environment was vastly different from that of today. The existing coal measures were mostly developed at the intersection of river and lake sedimentary facies. The development and history of the thermal evolution of coal measure disclose that the formation of Antarctic thermal metamorphic coal measure is related to the breakup of Gondwana. The linear distribution along the Transantarctic Mountains of the Ferrar Large Igneous Province is coupled with the location of typical Permian coal measures, and the dike formed by the Jurassic short-term concentrated thermal event can be regarded as the signal of the commencement of thermal alteration of the coal measure, while the heat rise caused by the further breakup of Gondwana at the end of Cretaceous may be the main cause of the high coal rank and high maturity of the Antarctic coal measure.