In order to explore the characteristics of acidification and heavy metal pollution in the sulfide-rich tailing pond, the authors chose the shallow (0~90 cm) section of Shuimuchong tailing reservoir in Tongling of Anhui Province as the research object. Its structural characteristics, mineral composition, heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni, Cr, Mn, Cu and As) content and morphology were studied in detail. The results show that the shallow layer of the tailings reservoir exhibits stratification, that is, the surface layer is strong hardened layer, followed by weakly hardened layer and loose layer, with an acidic environment. Tailing minerals are mainly pyroxene, feldspar, mica and gypsum, and are characterized by the fact that from shallow part to deep part, characteristic peaks of metal sulfides and carbonate minerals tend to be strengthened. Heavy metals show two types of enrichment:the top layer (0~30 cm, As, Pb) enrichment type and the middle (40~60 cm, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn and Cr) enrichment type, in which Cu, Cd, As pollution is relatively serious. According to the correlation analysis, there exist some associated types between some metals, and pH is one of the important factors affecting the migration of heavy metals. The tailing heavy metals are mainly in the residual state, with Pb having the strongest potential migration potential, and As having the weakest potential, varying in order of Pb > Cd > Zn > Ni > Cr > Mn > Cu > As.