The trace element and mineral characteristics of the soil in the Dexing copper deposit were analyzed in this paper. The analytical results show that the soil is enriched with heavy metals, and the heavy metals and clay minerals show good consistency in top soil. The leaching experimental results of the soil column indicated that, when the leaching time was 451 hours, the adsorption capacity of the soil for Pb²⁺ was 2 584.75 mg/kg, and the adsorption was unstable during the first half period and then gradually attained equilibrium during the second half period. After leaching, the relative mass fraction of minerals in the soil column changed, and the amount of clay minerals decreased. The adsorption capability of clay minerals for Pb²⁺ was different in different soil layers.