Vanadium and its compounds, as important strategic resources, are widely used in core fields such as metallurgy, chemical industry, aerospace, national defense and military due to their special physical and chemical properties. How to recover vanadium resources from vanadium slag in a low-cost, green and efficient manner, is an important measure to ensure the sustainable development of China's vanadium industry. This article systematically summarizes the current research status of major vanadium extraction processes at home and abroad, including roasting (non-salt roasting, sodium-roasting and calcium-roasting)-leaching (water-leaching, acidic-leaching and alkaline-leaching)-recovery (hydrolysis, ammonium precipitation, solvent extraction and ion exchange)-calcination, and looks forward to the future research directions of vanadium extraction processes to achieve high-efficiency, low-cost, and pollution-free green development of vanadium extraction processes.