磷块岩成矿过程及其稀土元素富集机理综述
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P619.21+3;P618.7

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国家重点研发计划重点专项项目(2021YFC2901703);国家自然科学基金项目(42222303,42203064);中央高校基本科研业务费项目(FRF-TP-22-004C1)


Review on metallogenic process and rare earth elements enrichment mechanism of phosphorite deposits
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    摘要:

    磷块岩矿床是以细晶磷灰石为主要矿石矿物的一种海相沉积磷矿床,形成于古元古代后6个历史时期的上升流地区,与生物活动重要节点、大陆风化加剧时期密切相关。磷块岩矿床的形成受海平面升降、微生物活动与沉积物孔隙水中的物理化学条件等因素控制,而形成高品质磷块岩矿床的关键是极低的沉积速率与周期性的海底风暴。部分磷块岩中超常富集中重稀土元素,是潜在的稀土资源来源。磷块岩中稀土元素的主要赋存矿物为细晶磷灰石,其中的稀土元素主要来源于沉积时期的海水和早期成岩时期的沉积物孔隙水,并以吸附或晶格替代的方式储存于细晶磷灰石中。稀土元素可以通过形成稀土-碳酸盐络合物等方式吸附于海洋微粒表面,当氧化还原条件变化时,海洋微粒分解并将稀土元素释放至沉积物孔隙水中。本文通过文献综述发现不同海洋微粒对于稀土元素的吸附具有选择性,从而导致不同的孔隙水具有不同的稀土元素配分模式,进而影响磷块岩矿床中细晶磷灰石的稀土元素配分模式。细晶磷灰石对于稀土元素的富集不具有选择性,故受海水影响较大时呈现重稀土元素富集特征,而受孔隙水影响较大时则呈现中稀土元素凸起特征。由于超常富集稀土元素的磷块岩矿床常呈现中稀土元素凸起的稀土元素配分模式,这与海底热液输入的铁锰氧化物的稀土元素配分特征以及早期成岩过程中孔隙水的稀土元素配分特征相符,这或许指示着海底热液活动输入的铁锰氧化物及早期成岩过程对于磷块岩矿床稀土元素富集过程的影响。本文从磷块岩矿床的特征、时空分布及成矿的控制要素等方面对于磷块岩矿床的成矿过程进行了综述,从磷块岩矿床的稀土元素含量及稀土元素异常分析磷块岩成矿过程中稀土元素的富集行为和分异行为,并讨论了超常富集稀土元素的磷块岩中稀土元素可能存在的富集机理。研究磷块岩成矿过程及其稀土元素富集机理,可以为超常富集稀土元素的磷块岩矿床的勘查开发提供理论依据,对于保障稀土资源供应具有重要意义。

    Abstract:

    Phosphorite deposit is a kind of marine sedimentary phosphate deposit with the francolite as the main ore mineral. These deposits were formed in the upwelling areas during six historical periods after Paleoproterozoic, and are generally related to the biological activity and the intensity of continental weathering. The formation of phosphorite deposits is controlled by marine transgressions and regressions, microbial activities and physical and chemical conditions of sediment pore water. The key factors for the formation of phosphorite deposits with high rare earth elements (REEs) content are low sedimentation rate and periodic submarine storms. Some phosphorite deposits are rich in medium and heavy REEs, which are potential important REE resources. The main host mineral of REEs in phosphorite is francolite. The REEs in francolite are mainly derived from seawater in sedimentary period and sediment pore water in early diagenetic period, and are incorporated into francolite via adsorption or lattice substitution. REEs can be adsorbed on the surface of marine particles by forming as REEs-carbonate complex and released by the marine particles decomposing that is induced by the change of redox conditions in the sediment pore water. Through the previous research, it is found that different marine particles preferentially adsorb different REEs, which results in the formation of different REEs patterns of pore water and then affects the patterns of francolite in phosphorite deposits. The enrichment of REEs in francolite is equal for light, medium and heavy REEs and different REEs patterns in francolite are derived from contrasting fluid sources. In general, seawater can produce a HREEs-enriched pattern, and pore water might yield a MREEs-bulge pattern (enrichment of medium REEs). As the phosphorite deposits with significant REEs contents are characterized by MREEs-bulge patterns that are consistent with Fe-Mn (oxyhydr)oxides input by the submarine hydrothermal process and the pore water in the early diagenetic process, which may indicates the influence of the submarine hydrothermal activities and the early diagenetic process on the REEs enrichment mechanism of phosphorite deposits. In this paper, the metallogenic process of phosphorite deposits is summarized from the characteristics, spatiotemporal distribution and metallogenic control factors of phosphorite deposits; the enrichment behavior and differentiation behavior of REEs in the process of phosphorite mineralization are analyzed from the content and anomaly of REEs in phosphorite deposits; and the possible enrichment mechanism of REEs in phosphorite rocks with abnormal enrichment of REEs is revealed. The study of metallogenic process and REEs enrichment mechanism of phosphorite deposits is of great significance for the prospecting and exploitation of phosphorite deposits that are highly enriched in REEs.

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雷梦丹,钟日晨,崔浩,等, 2024. 磷块岩成矿过程及其稀土元素富集机理综述[J]. 岩石矿物学杂志, 43(5):1199~1217.
LEI Meng-dan, ZHONG Ri-chen, CUI Hao, et al, 2024. Review on metallogenic process and rare earth elements enrichment mechanism of phosphorite deposits[J]. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, 43(5): 1199~1217.

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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-09
  • 最后修改日期:2023-12-08
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  • 在线发布日期: 2024-09-25
  • 出版日期: 2024-09-25