The Maevatanana gold deposit is a mesothermal Au-quartz vein deposits that hosted in the greenstone belt. The genesis of the gold deposit is still under debate. In this paper, element geochemistry and the age of the Maevatanana gold deposit has been studied. Gold contents in the gneisses range from 1.11 ppb to 80.8 ppb. Gold contents in the Au-quartz veins range from 26.44 ppm to 132.22 ppm. Gold particles were found within pyrite. Re–Os isochron age of pyrite in the gneisses is 752 ± 27 Ma, and Re–Os isochron age of pyrite in the Au-quartz veins is 535 ± 26 Ma. Two ages of Re–Os isochron ages represents two stages of gold mineralization. Two stages of gold mineralization are accordance with two times of collision in the East African Orogen. Gold contents in the gneisses is higher that the crustal Au abundance of 1.5 ppb, Au grains within pyrite in the gneisses, and Re–Os isochron age of pyrite in the gneisses suggests that Neoproterozoic granite and gabbro emplaced at Madagascar to metamorphosed greenstone belt into greenschist-amphibolite facies at 752 ± 27 Ma, Au in the greenstone belt was motivated, transfer and enrichment to be a mineral layer. The age of the Au-quartz veins is 535 ± 26 Ma, and it is identical with post collision A-type granite, field observation and geochemical data suggests that the Maevatanana gold deposit is associated with post collision A-type granite. The mineral layer melts into Au-bearing magma, and the wall rocks was melted when the magma ascending. The wall rocks were partially melted into high silicic melts while temperature and pressure lower companying the magma ascending. The high silicic melts entered the magma and gradually evolved into ore-forming fluids to leach Au in the Au-bearing magma. Then, the fluids precipitated in the faults to form the Maevatanana gold deposit.