To explore the toxic effects of chrysotile asbestos and ceramic fibers on pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress in Wistar rats, the authors randomly divided early weaning clean level of Wistar rats into 3 groups, namely, chrysotile asbestos exposure group, ceramic fibers exposure group and negative control group. The Wistar rats were administered by intratracheal instillation of chrysotile asbestos and ceramic fibers at the concentration of 2.0 mg/mL once a month. And 6 rats were sacrificed at 1, 6, and 12 months to observe pathological changes of lung tissues, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissues related indicators. The results showed that there were different degrees of pathological changes in the exposed groups, and the total number of white blood cells in BALF of exposed groups was higher than that in the negative control group at each time point (p<0.05). The percentage of white blood cells, neutrophils and lymphocytes in the exposed group increased with the prolonged exposure time (p<0.05), and the percentage of macrophages decreased (p<0.05). The content of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nueclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in lung tissues of the exposed groups was higher than that in the negative control group at each time point and increased with the prolonged exposure time (p<0.05), and the content in the chrysotile asbestos exposure group was higher than that of the ceramic fiber exposure group (p<0.05). The concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) in lung tissues of the exposed groups were higher than those in the negative control group at each time point and increased with the prolonged exposure time (p<0.05), and those in the chrysotile asbestos exposure group were higher than the ceramic fiber exposure group (p<0.05). The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of the exposed groups decreased with the prolonged exposure time (p<0.05); there was no difference between exposed groups and the negative control group at 1 month (p>0.05); those in the chrysotile asbestos exposure group were lower than those in the ceramic fibers exposure group and lower than those in the negative control group at 6 and 12 months (p<0.05). All these results prove that chrysotile asbestos and ceramic fibers could cause toxic effects of inflammation and oxidative stress in lung tissues of rat, and chrysotile asbestos induced toxicity was stronger than ceramic fibers.