Red coral has growth rings which can record the ecological environment information. In this study, the authors investigated the distribution of Ca, transition metal elements Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn, rare earth element Dy, and poison element Hg in the growth rings of red coral from Taiwan by synchrotron radiation micro X-ray fluorescence spectrum (SR-μXRF). The results showed that Ca changed with the periodic variation of life activities, Fe changed with the active degree of coral life. The distribution of Hg could reflect changes in the coral skeleton from larvae to adult. The authors analyzed the relationship between elements distribution in the growth rings of red coral's cross section and ecological environment, and then investigated the relationship between red coral's ecological environment and the marine environment; On such a basis, some information could be obtained concerning marine environment variation with time dimension.