Investigation of the structural stability and modification of carbonates under mantle conditions contribute to understanding the Earth's carbon cycle. In the present work, synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy were employed to investigate the structural stability and elastic properties of single-crystal rhodochrosite in diamond anvil cell device. The results demonstrate that rhodochrosite maintains stable up to ~10 GPa and exhibits anisotropy with c-axis being more compressible than a-axis. Isothermal equation of state parameters of rhodochrosite was obtained as V₀=308.8(2)ų, K₀=104(1) GPa and K'₀=4(fixed). The symmetrical stretching band (ν₁) and in-plane vibration band (ν₂) of [CO₃]^2- were observed at 1 087.9 cm^-1 and 720.5 cm^-1, respectively, and the external (ν₃) at 293.8 cm^-1, all of which present linear positive relationships with pressure, and the external mode is more sensitive to compression. Mode Grüneisen parameters of internal mode (γ_ν1=~0.29 and γ_ν2=~0.26) are lower than that of the external mode (γ_ν3=~1.57), indicating that the bulk compression is largely due to the contraction of [MnO₆] rather than that of [CO₃]^2-. Elastic properties of calcite-type carbonates are discussed in consideration of previous reports.