Russia is the main source of green nephrite in the world, and the green nephrite in the mining area around the Baikal Lake is of great fame. Recently, a new mineral area of green nephrite around the area of the Ospa Lake was found, whose market prospect is brisk. However, the lack of study in this field makes the research work a bit hard. In this paper, characteristics of mineral compositions and chemical components of green nephrite samples form Russia were studied by means of the conventional gemmological testing, X-ray powder diffraction, electron microprobe analysis and infrared spectra. The results indicate that the microtexture of Russia green nephrite is very compact. Its main composition component is tremolite. In addition, the black impurity in it is chromite. Its texture is mainly of the felt-like fiber interwoven metacryst mechanism,so the tenacity is very high. Russian green nephrite is different from green nephrite from New Zealand in composition and microtexture.