Fourier transform infrared absorption spectra, UV-Visible spectra, X-ray diffraction, X-ray Fluorescence spectra, polarizing microscope and electron microprobe analysis were used to study Russian nephrite that is very common on current markets, especially its chemical composition and color causes. The results show that Russian nephrite's main minerals are amphibole group minerals, and the light green mineral is mainly tremolite. With the gradual change of color toward darkness, the main mineral grades into actinolite. Russian nephrite contains a small amount of carbonate minerals. The black spot inclusions in the Russian nephrite is chromite. The greenness of Russian nephrite is caused mainly by iron, and the degree of the greenness is determined mainly by chromium.