This paper analyzed the structure and mineral composition of green nephrite from Hetian-Yutian County of Xinjiang by means of scanning electron microscope, electron microprobe, X-ray powder diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The result reveals that the main microstructure of the green nephrite is the woven felt-like cryptocrystalline blastic texture, the arrangements of the mineral particles result in its delicate texture and high toughness. SEM characteristics illustrate its clean topography and compactness. The major mineral in green nephrite from this region is tremolite, and it subsequently turns into actinolite with the increase of iron oxide. There are also many other minerals, such as chromite, chlorite, serpentine, clinopyroxene and apatite.