The chemical composition, mineral component and structure type of Hetian jade in Xinjiang and the nephrite from Baikal Lake region in Russia are studied and compared. From the view of petrology, their distinction and similarity are summarized systematically. Their main compositions and essential minerals are similar, the main structure and appearances are different. The work are important for development and utlization of Hetian jade and the nephrite from Baikal Lake area in Russia.